Dietary Causes Dietary causes include too much grain and not enough roughage, consumption of moldy feedstuffs, diets high in sulfur, cobalt-deficient diets, or consuming certain toxic plants such as bracken ferns
High dose oral cobalamin would be a reasonable alternative as maintenance in patients unable to tolerate intramuscular injections provided there is good compliance with treatment

Composition Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin or Methylcobalamin, depending on formulation) Lipotropic agents (varies by compounder, but commonly includes): Methionine Inositol Choline Benefits Supports fat metabolism and liver detoxification Enhances energy and focus Promotes red blood cell production May support weight management programs Format 10 ml vial Concentration varies by compounding pharmacy, but typically contains: Vitamin B12: 1000 mcg/ml Methionine, Inositol, Choline (varied doses, often 2550 mg/ml each) Dosage & Administration 1 ml per injection Administered intramuscularly (IM) Frequency: 23 times per week (as tolerated and per provider guidance) Storage Store refrigerated at 28 C Protect from light Do not freeze Notes Best used as part of a comprehensive wellness or weight management program (diet, exercise, lifestyle)

The insulin and glucagon concentrations of the assay wells were derived via extrapolation of ratiometric fluorescence readings (665 nm/620 nm) to a second-order quadratic polynomial curve